1 10 3 https://museum.eecs.yorku.ca/files/original/09_953965e9c6.jpg 6786f2dc6cb033966d0086cbb4fefdcb hardware A computer (or a calculator), its components and peripherals (displays, printers, pointing devices, modems, external storage devices, etc). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NDS-1000 Word Processor Subject The topic of the resource hardware: word processor Description An account of the resource The NDS-1000 (also know as the Pancake) was a microprocessor-based word processor and communication system designed and manufactured by Network Data Systems between 1978 and 1985. The NDS-1000 consisted of a CPU unit (built around the Zilog Z80 microprocessor), Olivetti electric typewriter (Olivetti)), monitor, and  diskette drives (5.25 inch). The museum has an NDS-1000, model 1000, serial number 00202-01. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Network Data Systems (NDS) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977-1985 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Hardware Type The nature or genre of the resource Hardware Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context H.30 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1977-1985 Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Canadian communication systems digital microprocessor NDS NDS-1000 NDS-1201 Network Data Systems Pancake wordprocessor https://museum.eecs.yorku.ca/files/original/038c5961ce60a57d1909f1854baf1660.jpeg 77365218aba564dbb486b9c379dba043 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Microsystems International Limited (MIL) Collection Description An account of the resource In October of 1968, with $48 million package from the Canadian Treasury Board, Northern Electric transformed its Advanced Devices Center into a new company called Microsystems International Ltd. (MIL). In March of 1969, MIL opened its doors with its headquarters in Montreal and the manufacturing facility in Ottawa. The company's focus was to be on new  semiconductor technologies and products. In a short period of time, MIL acquired state of the art integrated circuit technologies and the second source rights to a number of products. The company's memory products, such as MF1101, MF1103, MF1701, or MF1702, and the MF8008 microprocessor, placed the company among the semiconductor leaders on the international market. Between 1970 and 1972, MIL developed and manufactured Canada's first microprocessor -- the MF7114. It also produced three microcomputers:  the CPS/1 system designed around the MF7114 microprocessor as well as the MOD8 and the MOD80 computers. The MOD8 microcomputer, developed in 1974, was based on the MIL MF8008 8-bit microprocessor. This computer (as well as its refinement -- the MOD80) consisted of the MOD8-8 PCB backplane mounted in an aluminum case. The backplane contained the Eprom programmer and nine connectors for the CPU, memory, interface, and I/O cards. The MOD8 computer and its MONITOR8 software were aimed at the development of the MF8008-based applications. To MIL's surprise, it was the North American computer enthusiasts who made the MOD8 a popular 8008-based microcomputer kit in 1975-1976. MIL's MF8008 Applications Manual was one of the most widely read early documents on 8-bit microprocessors. The MOD8 influenced other early microcomputer designs for the hobbyists' market such as the Mike2 computer from Martin Research or a range of C-MOD computers from Celetron Corporation which were sold by MiniMicroMart of Syracuse, NY. The company closed its operations in June 1975. However, MIL's demise seeded the Canadian high-technology sector with scores of semiconductor, computer, and telecommunications start-ups founded by former MIL employees. Acquisition: The artifacts have been donated to YUCoM by several individuals including  John Freeman, John Hackman, Kelly Hamilton, William Kindree, Mark Silver, Zbigniew Stachniak, and Candi Trefero. HARDWARE <ul> <li>MOD8 microcomputer</li> <li>MOD80 microcomputer with a variety of additional home made boards and passive backplane</li> <li>MP-1 chip set (it includes the MF7114 microprocessor)</li> <li>MF8008 microprocessor</li> <li>various MIL integrated circuits including the MF7114 and MF8008 CPUs as well as the MF1702A Eproms.</li> <li>MOD8-8 backplane</li> <li>A set of replicated MOD8 printed circuit boards</li> </ul> MANUALS, GUIDES, APPLICATIONS NOTES <ul> <li>MC-1 Microcomputer Handbook (Preliminary), MIL (197?)</li> <li>How to Use the CPS/1 Micro-Computer System, Bulletin 50001 (MIL, 1972)</li> <li>Techniques for the CPS/1, Microsystems International Ltd., preliminary edition, 1973(?)</li> <li>CPS/1 Application Guide, Microsystems International Ltd. , June 26, 1972</li> <li>Short Form Catalogue Catalogue, Bulletin 80001, Microsystems International Ltd., March 1971</li> <li>Selected Linear I.C. Catalogue, Bulletin 80004A, Microsystems International Ltd., 1974 edition</li> <li>MF8008 Central Processing Unit Applications Manual, Microsystems International Ltd., preliminary edition, 1974(?)</li> <li>MOS Memory Catalogue, Bulletin 80005, Microsystems International Ltd., 1974</li> <li>MOS LSI Memory, Bulletin 23006, Microsystems International Ltd., 1972(?)</li> <li>MOS LSI Memory Fully Decoded Static Random Access 1024 Bit Memory MF2102, Bulletin 23032, Microsystems International Ltd., 1972</li> <li>MF8008 Central Processor Applications Manual, Bulletin 80007, Microsystems International Ltd., 1974 edition</li> <li>Microprocessor Control of the Singer Telerex 30PMI Matrix Printer, MIL Applications Note, HRM 1468-00, November 16, 1973</li> <li>J. Freeman, MF 7114 Central Processing Unit Product Specification, Design Report P-F-7114, Issue 1, Microsystems International Ltd., October 1973</li> <li>J. Freeman, MF 7115, 64x4 RAM Product Specification, Design Report P-F-7115, Issue 1, Microsystems International Ltd., October 1973</li> <li>MOD8 Manual, Moducomp Inc., 1975(?)</li> <li>MOD8/Audio Cassette Interface Manual  (Moducomp?)</li> <li>MOD80 Supplement, Moducomp Inc., 1975(?)</li> <li>GNC 8: Modular Micro Computer User's Manual, Great Northern Computers Ltd., 1975</li> </ul> SOFTWARE and HARDWARE NOTES <ul> <li>L. Schweizer, MPS/1, Mini Processor System/First Try, Microsystems International Ltd. (1972?)</li> <li>CPS/1 Software Notes, draft copy, Microsystems International Ltd. (1973?)</li> <li>New Super Component: MOD8-9 (MIL?, 6pp)</li> <li>MOD 8-8, Backplane/PROM Programmer (MIL?, 16 pp)</li> <li>Notes on the MOD-80 version2, revision 1 and other 8080-related hardware/software by Tom Dale (c. 1977)</li> <li>B. Warren, 4006 Design Report, Intel, December 16, 1971</li> <li>J. Freeman, A Microprocessor Prototyping System for the 8080 (1974?)</li> <li>J. Heckman, Interupts for CPS/1 (handwritten notes)</li> <li>J. Heckman, Tech Note - COMBUS (handwritten notes)</li> <li> The MOD 8 Data Package , by Robert Swartz (1975). It includes: <ul> <li>The MOD 8 Data Package cover page</li> <li>MOD 8-8 Backplane/PROM Programmer documentation</li> <li>Audio Cassette/MOD8 Interface</li> <li>Errors in MIL Application Manual, Bulletin 80007 - 1974 Edition</li> <li> Helpful Hints in Getting a Running System</li> <li>MOD 8 Parts List, 1/5/75</li> <li>Additional Notes on MOD 8MIL.htm</li> </ul> </li> <li>The MOD 80 CPU board schematic diagram and board layout; designed by Robert Swartz (1975), layout by Nano Systems, manufactured by Space Circuits</li> <li>The MOD8 software and notes by Brother Thomas McGahee (1975/76): <ul> <li>Notes on Using the MIL-MOD 8 System, 6 pages</li> <li>Minimal Monitor for Scientific Calculator, 12 pages</li> <li>How it Works: Parallel I/O for MOD-8, 14 pages</li> <li>Monitor-8P Parallel I/O, 8 pages</li> <li>Scientific Calculator Software, 36 pages</li> <li>Proposed C-MOD8-2P, (February 1976), 7 pages</li> </ul> </li> <li> Datapak: LED Display, MiniMicroMart, 1976 (discusses LED display board for MOD80, C-MOD 80)</li> </ul> SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS <ul> <li>CPS1-1, February 6, 1973</li> <li>MOD-4 CPU board, Microsystems International Ltd., June 25, 1974</li> <li>MOD-4 Exoander board, Microsystems International Ltd., June 21, 1974</li> <li>MOD-4 debug board, Microsystems International Ltd., June 21, 1974</li> </ul> SOFTWARE <ul> <li>MONITOR 8 (on eight Intel 1702 Eproms)</li> <li>MONITOR 8 (2K x 8, 8316 ROM) from MiniMicroMart (not in the YUCoM's collection)</li> <li>MONITOR 80 (3 2708 Eproms) from MiniMicroMart (not in the YUCoM's collection)</li> </ul> CORPORATE DOCUMENTS <ul> <li>Microsystems International Ltd. share certificate, February 23, 1970</li> <li>Minutes of CPS/1 Meeting, May 18, 1972</li> </ul> MOD8/80 related articles in MiniMicroMart publications <ul> <li>MOD8 discussed in MiniMicroMart Newsletter, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2-3</li> <li>Monitor-8 Software including Audio Cassette Interface, MiniMicroMart Technical Bulettin B101-4/75</li> <li>MOD8, C-MOD8/80 discussed in Special issue C A 75</li> <li>MONITOR 8 and Tape Cassette Interface for MOD8 discussed in MiniMicroMart Newsletter, special issue C101A-5/75</li> <li>C-MOD 8 Boards, C-MOD 80 Boards: Modular 8 Bit Microprocessor, MiniMicroMart Product Bulletin-A103-9/75</li> <li>RM 6800 -- C-MOD 6800 Mini System, MiniMicroMart Product Bulletin (preliminary), November 1975</li> <li>C-MOD System>, Product Bulletin, Sep. 1976 </li> <li>Monitor 80, 80A, and RM 8080 discussed in Product Bulletin, Nov. 1976 </li> <li>C-MOD 80 system discussed in Product Bulletin, July, 1977 </li> </ul> MOD8/80 related articles in Toronto Association of Computer Enthusiasts (TRACE) Newsletter <ul> <li>TRACE group purchase of MOD8 and MOD80 PCBs as well as MOD 80 based TV typewriter and color graphics terminal; a note by B. Kindree, TRACE Newsletter nr. 3, May 1976.</li> <li>MOD8/80 user group; a note by J. Szilock, TRACE Newsletter nr. 4, June 1976.</li> <li>B. Kindree, MOD 8 and MOD 80 Bus Display Board. TRACE Newsletter nr. 5, July 1976.</li> <li>B. Kindree, The MOD 8 and MOD 80 Microcomputers: a short summary. TRACE Newsletter nr. 5, July 1976.</li> <li>A note on MOD80 CPU board by B. Kindree. TRACE Newsletter nr. 7, August 1976.</li> <li>MOD 80 Tips, TRACE Newsletter nr. 8, October 1976.</li> <li>B. Kindree, From the Editor's Desk. A note on the status of TRACE MOD8/80 User's Group. TRACE Newsletter nr. 13, March 1977.</li> </ul> OTHER RELATED DOCUMENTS  <ul> <li>T.A. Dale, Monitor 68 Users Guid, University of Waterloo, 1977</li> <li>Phoenix-8 promotional brochure, HRB (Goderich, ON), 197?</li> </ul> Subject The topic of the resource <img src="http://museum1.eecs.yorku.ca/www_decorations/mil_logo.png" alt="MCM_logo" width="30%" height="30%" border="0" /> This collection documents corporate history of Microsystems International Ltd. (MIL). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zbigniew Stachniak hardware A computer (or a calculator), its components and peripherals (displays, printers, pointing devices, modems, external storage devices, etc). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MIL MF7114 microprocessor Description An account of the resource Historical context (by Z. Stachniak) The MF7114 was an early 4-bit single-chip microprocessor designed and built by Microsystems International Ltd. (MIL) of Montreal between 1970 and 1972. It was the first microprocessor designed and manufactured in Canada. The MF7114 has its roots in the development of Intel's first single-chip central processing unit (CPU) -- the 4004. Before it was given the `MF7114' designation, the chip's general architecture was called the Intel 4005 and the purpose of its development was to backup the 4004's project, to fabricate a simpler general-purpose microprocessor in case of the 4004's fiasco. When in early 1971 the design work on the 4004 chip resulted in silicon wafers with a sufficient number of fully-functional CPUs on them to permit the chips' fabrication at the target cost, Intel abandoned the 4005 project. MIL on the other hand, continued the 4005's development and, by mid 1972, had its own 4-bit microprocessor -- the MF7114. MIL marketed the MF7114 as a CPU for stored program controllers.  In 1973, the company designed an MF7114-based  controller board to demonstrate the use of the chip to control the Singer Telerex 30  PMI Matrix Printer. The company also used the MF7114 to design a 4-bit microcomputer -- the CPS-1 (also referred to as the CPS/1, MPS/1, and MC-1). The computer was offered in two  versions. The first one was a single-board version. The board included the MF7114 CPU, clock, 4Kb of memory, and 16 I/O ports including a TTY interface. The second version was a  modularly designed hardware that included a chassis with backplane bus for system's expansions, a CPU and memory board, a power supply, a programmer's console, and the PROM connector to the PROM programmer. Designed in 1973, the CPS-1 was the first microprocessor powered computer built in Canada. <h4>The MF7114 Specifications</h4> <ul> <li>data bus - 4 bit, bi-directional</li> <li>address bus - 12 bit</li> <li>communications bus: (COMBUS) 21 bit, included 16 lines of data and address buses plus 5 control lines</li> <li>clock speed: 0.9 microseconds per cycle</li> <li>on-chip registers: accumulator (AC, 4 bit), program counter (PC, 12 bit), data pointer (DP, 12 bit), overflow register (OF, 1 bit)</li> <li>virtual (working) registers: eight 4-bit and eight 12 bit registers</li> <li>number of instructions: 58, executed in three to five cycles</li> <li>supporting chips: the MF1601 ROM and MF7115 RAM</li> <li>packaging: 24-pin DIP</li> </ul> <h4>Museum Holdings</h4> A promotional paperweight with a 7114 chip set consisting of an MF 7114 CPU, an MF1601 ROM, and an MF7115 RAM. References <ul> <li> MF8008 Central Processor Applications Manual, MIL, Bulletin 80007, 1974.</li> <li>Stachniak, Z. The MIL MF7114 Microprocessor. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing,October-December 2010 (vol. 32 no. 4) pp. 48-59.</li> <li>MIL CPS-1 Emulator: Design Notes and Programmer's Guide, Version 2.2, York University Computer Museum, 2021.</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Microsystems International Ltd. (MIL) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1975 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource John Freeman, John Hackman, Kelly Hamilton, and Zbigniew Stachniak Subject The topic of the resource hardware: integrated circuits Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No 7114 microprocessor https://museum.eecs.yorku.ca/files/original/52139dc5d96cdffcac34fe00f26bc58a.jpg 29f702898d8018fc192c2fbc9aa06719 hardware A computer (or a calculator), its components and peripherals (displays, printers, pointing devices, modems, external storage devices, etc). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Commodore SuperPET SP9000 computer Subject The topic of the resource hardware: microcomputer Description An account of the resource Historical context (by Z. Stachniak) Early microprocessor-based computers (microcomputers) presented a cost-effective and low-maintenance alternative to high-performance minicomputers that dominated the computer scene of the 1970s. Initially, their utilization was confined largely to applications that did not require the full processing power of the minis. Microcomputers also presented a unique opportunity to expand and enrich academic computing programs and infrastructure. A 1979 study conducted at the University of Waterloo (UW) on possible use of microcomputers for academic teaching and research concluded that "many of the jobs run on computers at Waterloo could be done using the computational capacity possessed by microcomputers." (See [1.) At that time, UW's mainframe computer served approximately 25,000 student jobs each day. However,  "none of the inexpensive, mass-manufactured microcomputers had the appropriate hardware to operate our planned software," stated the authors of Waterloo Micro Computer Systems for the 1980s [1] "mainly because the memory was not large enough, and because there was insufficient flexibility, particularly with respect to input/output."  The study set in motion two microcomputer development projects at the Computer Systems Group of UW -- the microWAT and the SuperPET. In the opinion of Wesley Graham, director, Computer Systems Group at UW expressed in [2], "microcomputers offered many advantages such as economy, reliability and flexibility. But the software available was not suitable for our use. In addition, the addressable memory of micro systems was too small to house the software and leave a meaningful work area. [...] Waterloo liked the advantages of micros and set out to bridge the gap. With software systems written to meet our needs, the software problem was solved. Then we introduced a virtual memory concept with hardware and resolve the addressable memory size problem. By using a RS232 interface, the micro could communicate with a shared data base. And by duplicating the software system onto a mainframe, the same program could be run using large memories at high speed.Thus a student could begin to solve his problem on the micro and, if necessary, complete it on the mainframe. Commodore adopted these ideas and created the SuperPET. We installed 35 such systems at Waterloo in July, 1981 and they have proven as effective as expected."  The Commodore SuperPET was a dual processor personal computer created by the Computer Systems Group at UV primarily for the educational market. It's hardware design expanded the Commodore CBM 8032 (PET) architecture by an additional 64KB of bank switched RAM, a Motorola 6809 microprocessor and an RS232 interface. The computer could execute all the PET software using its MOS 6502 processor. The 6809 CPU and the bank-switching RAM architecture adopted by the SuperPET design allowed the execution of sophisticated 6809-based software including several programming language interpreters, editors and assemblers. Several of these software products were written at the UW's Computer Systems Group using the WSL systems development language. An OSW-9 MMU (Memory Management Unit) board developed primarily by Avygdor Moise from York University, Toronto, allowed the operation of the SuperPET under the sophisticated OS-9 Operating System from Microware Systems Corp. The SuperPET's design was brought to the production stage by BMB CompuScience of Milton, Ontario. The computer (also known as Micro-Mainframe or MMF9000) was announced in April, 1981 at Hanover Computer Fair, manufactured by Commodore and distributed in North America, Europe and Australia. However, the introduction of the IBM PC in August 1981 and the subsequent rapid growth of IBM PC-compatible computer market put an end to the microWAT and SuperPET programs. Technical specifications <ul> <li>CPU: MOS Technology 6502 and Motorola 6809 at  1MHz,</li> <li>RAM: 96KB (64KB on an bank switched RAM board),</li> <li>ROM: 48KB (containing Waterloo KERNAL and CBM Basic 4.0),</li> <li>video: MOS Technology 6545, 12" monochrome display, 25 rows of 80 characters, three character sets,</li> <li>keyboard: QWERTY-style, 62 keys, and 11-key numeric keypad,</li> <li>ports: IEEE-488 port, two Commodore Datasette ports, Expansion port, RS232 port, CBM parallel programmable User port</li> <li>Memory and Processor selection switches,</li> <li>options: OSW-9 MMU (Memory Management Unit) board allowing the use of popular OS-9 Operating System,</li> <li>other features: memory and processor selection switches.</li> </ul> Key software <ul> <li>Waterloo KERNAL (in ROM),</li> <li>CBM Basic 4.0 (in ROM),</li> <li>microBASIC, microPascal, microFORTRAN, microCOBOL and microAPL from University of Waterloo Computer Systems Ltd.,</li> <li>microEditor from University of Waterloo Computer Systems Ltd.,</li> <li>6809 microprocessor assembler from University of Waterloo Computer Systems Ltd.,</li> <li>OS-9 Operating System from Microware Systems Corp. (using the MMU board).</li> </ul> Museum holdings <ul> <li>Commodore SuperPET Model 9000, serial nr. SP0002320,</li> <li>Commodore CBM 8050 Dual Drive Floppy Disk,</li> <li>Commodore Super-Pet SP9000 Technical Manual, Commodore Computer, 198?</li> <li>Waterloo 6809 Assembler, Waterloo microSystems SuperPET Specifics, draft copy,</li> <li>J.B. Schueler and B.J. Stecher, Waterloo microPIP File Utility Program for the Commodore SuperPET,</li> <li>J.C. Wilson and T.A. Wilkinson, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo microAPL, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>P.H. Dirksen and J.W. Welch, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo microAPL, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>J.W. Graham and K.I. McPhee, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo microBASIC, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>D.D. Cowan, J.W. Graham, J.W. Welch, and T.A. Wilkinson, Waterloo BASIC for Commodore Microcomputers, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>D.D. Cowan, J.W. Graham, J.W. Welch, and T.A. Wilkinson, Waterloo BASIC for Commodore PET, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>P.H. Dirksen and J.W. Welch, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo microCOBOL, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>F.D. Boswell, T.R. Grove, and J.W. Welch, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo microPascal, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>P.H. Dirksen and J.W. Welch, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo microFORTRAN, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>D.D. Cowan and M.J. Shaw, Commodore SuperPET computer: Waterloo 6809 Assembler, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>F.D. Boswell, T.R. Grove, K.I. McPhee, J.B. Schueler, and J.W. Welch, Commodore SuperPET computer: System Overview, Tutorial and Reference Manual, Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., 1981,</li> <li>Disk System User Reference Guide, Commodore Electronics Ltd., 1982,</li> <li>User's Manual for CBM 5 1/4-inch Dual Floppy Disk Drives, Commodore Business Machines, 1983,</li> <li>M.P. McFarlane and D.R. McNeil, An Explanatory Data Analysis Package for the Commodore SuperPET, SPUG/APL, May 1983,</li> <li>D. Barnes, The SuperPET STARTER-PAK, 198?</li> <li>SuperPET Bulletin Board System, printout, Paul Matzke Sysop,</li> <li>Several documents distributed by the International SuperPET Users Group, 1984--85,</li> <li>M. Avygdor, MMU Version 2.0 Installation Procedure for 2 Boards SuperPETs, York University/Toronto PET Users Group 1985(?)</li> </ul> References [1] D.D. Cowan and J.W. Graham, Waterloo Microcomputer Systems for the 1980's, Proceedings of the ACM '82, pp. 13–17 (1982). [2] Introducing the Remarkable Commodore SuperPET. The First Microcomputer with 5 High-Level Languages for only $2795, Commodore SuperPET promotional brochure, 198? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Designed by Computer Systems Group at the University of Waterloo, and BMB CompuScience, manufactured by Commodore Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Hardware Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context H.29 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant world, the early 1980s Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No BMB Computer Science microprocessor personal computer University of Waterloo